Organizational Staffing Plan

The purpose of this paper is to provide the lending institution with the required staffing organizational plan for the start-up new small business. This plan will explain the major staffing areas planned for the new coffee shop. This plan is based on approved human resource staffing principles. Employment Relationships The employment relationship that is planned is that of an Employer-Employee relationship. This will allow management to hire, train and schedule the staff. Of course, this will also mean that as the employer, the coffee shop will have certain legal responsibilities in regards to employment.One of these responsibilities is paying the employees at a fair rate. This rate must be at least $8. 25, which is the minimum wage in the District of Columbia. (â€Å"Minimum Wage,† 2013, table 1) This includes withholding the necessary payroll taxes, income and Social Security, and paying the necessary employer taxes, unemployment compensation and employer share of Medicare a nd Social Security. The coffee shop is also responsible for maintaining a safe working environment, as set forth by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).This will ensure safety in the workplace. Avoiding Claims of Disparate Treatment Claims of disparate treatment involve allegations of intentional discrimination in which the employer knowingly and deliberately discriminated against people on the basis of specific characteristics such as race or sex. (Heneman, Judge, & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012’, p. 58) In order to avoid these claims all parties need to be educated and trained. At the coffee shop this begins with a strong Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) policy that all parties are held accountable to.All business should be conducted with EEO in mind. This means that recruitment, hiring, and promotions should be conducted with the intent to place the best qualified person in the job. The coffee shop intends to have an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) pro gram. This will assist in opening the lines of communication and hopefully, resolve disputes before claims are made. However, if a claim is filed it is the intention of the coffee shop to protect the employee from any type of retaliation. External Influences to StaffingThe economic conditions and the labor market will play a major role in the efforts to staff the coffee shop. Economic conditions that are expected to affect the coffee shop are high turnover. Labor market conditions will also affect the coffee shop through labor supply, labor shortages, and employment arrangements. It stands to reason that because the coffee shop will located next to a college campus, it is anticipated that some, if not most, of the staff will be college students. This will both hinder and assist in staffing efforts.High turnover will probably be the norm for the coffee shop. This would be due to the labor supply. Because the coffee shop will be located next to a college campus, it is highly probable that the staff will include a large amount of students. As these students graduate they will move on to jobs in their educational career field. This, of course, will lead to a higher turnover rate. This can be overcome with careful employment strategies. These strategies include diverse employment arrangements. Flexible scheduling may be the most feasible arrangement.This will allow the coffee shop to hire a more highly motivated workforce that will be able to balance their personal life with work. Incorporating full-time shifts into the schedule may also assist in attracting and retaining a non-student staff. Plan to Manage Employee Shortages or Surpluses In order to manage for employee shortages and surpluses it will be very important to monitor the nearby college’s schedule. For example, summer may be a slower business time because there are fewer students on campus.This will cause a labor surplus. However, in the fall when the campus is active, the coffee shop may suffer a labor shortage. This can be addressed by maintaining a larger part-time staff year round. In this way, staffing hours can be scaled back in the summer. Also, the coffee shop must factor in the high turnover rate that the college student graduates will provide in the spring. This will probably lead to an aggressive hiring strategy that would not need to be executed until the fall. Strategy for Workplace DiversityOne of the strategies that the coffee shop will need to implement to ensure diversity would be to recruit from a variety of arenas. The college campus can provide a very diverse pool of applicants. However, it would also be highly beneficial for the coffee shop to recruit non-student applicants. This will only add to the diversity that the students would bring. In order to reach the non-student population it would be wise to run advertisements in the local newspaper and post announcements in community locations outside of the campus.Job Analysis for Key Positions In order t o recruit the staff for the coffee shop, it is imperative to have accurate job descriptions for the key positions. This can only be done by conducting an effective job analysis. This job analysis will help to identify what requirements are necessary for the job. This will enable the new employee to successfully perform the duties of the position. A good place to begin would be to list the tasks that the store manager/coffee servers would be responsible for.Then determine the dimension that the task falls in. At that time, determine the importance of each task/dimension. Develop the Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other characteristics (KSAOs). Finally, it is the time to develop the job description. Store Managers The most critical factors used in staffing these positions will be their leadership skills and their ability to motivate the staff. Some of the qualifications needed for this position are retail experience, supervisory experience, and experience analyzing financial report s.Some of the KSAOs for the position of store manager are ability to manage effectively in a fast-paced environment, ability to manage store operations independently, ability to manage multiple situations simultaneously, ability to manage resources ensuring established service levels are achieved at all times, interpersonal skills, knowledge of customer service techniques, organization and planning skills, team-building skills, ability to plan and prioritize workload, and ability to handle confidential and sensitive information, .There would also be educational requirements that include a high school diploma and a college degree in business or a closely related field may substitute for a portion of the required experience.Because of the physicality of the job, the physical requirements would include constant standing/walking, occasional stooping, kneeling or crawling, constant computer/POS Register and bar equipment usage, constant talking, expressing or exchanging ideas by means of the spoken word, and constant clarity of vision at near and/or far distances. (â€Å"Store Manager,† 2013) Coffee Servers The most critical factors used in staffing the coffee server positions would be there customer service skills and their ability to be dependable.Some of the qualifications for these positions would be maintain regular and consistent attendance and punctuality with or without reasonable accommodation, meet store operating policies and standards, including providing quality beverages and food products, cash handling and store safety and security, with or without reasonable accommodation, Engage with and understand our customers, including discovering and responding to customer needs through clear and pleasant communication, comply with a dress code that prohibits displaying tattoos, piercings in excess of two per ear, and unnatural hair colors, such as blue or pink, and available to perform many different tasks within the store during each shift. The KSAOs would include the ability to learn quickly, strong interpersonal skills, the ability to work as part of a team, and the ability to build relationships. (â€Å"Barista,† 2013)

Synthesis Essay

â€Å"One person's craziness is another person's reality†(Tim Burton). In this quote, Tim Burton is pointing out that people have our own reality. Philosophically, reality is whatever we think or perceive. There is no true or real perspective. Our perspective depends on our morals and beliefs. All our life, we perceive knowledge and information through different forms of language. Hence, our perspective is also limited by the language. Language is one of the unique things that people have. Language puts limits on our thoughts. For example, when someone says dog, we all picture a different dog, therefore we perceive the information differently. Similarly, religious books influence the way of our thinking through the words or language in the book. Those words are ideas of someone else but we get so influenced by those words that we base our morals on it. Words are part of language which fixes an image in our minds. When we say dog, we picture a dog, not a lion or fish, because we are imprisoned by the language that we ourselves created. Those words in the biblical texts are from a perspective of a different person but we believe in his/her words, borrow the idea and we make our own beliefs which is still inspired by someone's perspective. Those beliefs define the world around us. Thus, through language we create our own limited world and imprison ourselves. Likewise, in the excerpt Cosmic Prison from the book The Invisible Prison by Loren Eiseley, the author argues, that human perspective is limited by language, culture and origin. In the Cosmic Prison, the author, Eiseley attempts to point out that perspective is limited and bounded by language. Language limits our thoughts and imagination: â€Å"Language implies boundaries† (Eiseley 31). Whenever we name a thing, we put limits in our imagination. According to Eiseley, man creates an â€Å"unnatural world of his own, which he calls the cultural world and in which he feels at home†(Eiseley 31). We are comfortable with our cultural world that we created ourselves but at the same time we feel imprisoned and long to escape. Eiseley develops an interesting analogy between man in his prison and white blood cells imprisoned within a living body. Both man and white blood cells a self contained and they don't seem to understand the world outside of them. Their perspective is limited by the boundaries of their realm. A cell may not know that it might be living inside another body. They don't see outside of their world. Similarly, people have their own perspective and they might think that the action done by another person is wrong whereas according to that person, his actions are right. People tend not to go outside of their perspective to walk the world through different shoes. We believe and trust our own perspective which is influenced by human knowledge obtained through language. Our perspective might be influence by someone's words or actions like media uses persuasive language and repetition to make us believe in something. For example, media showed most Muslims as terrorists only, thus making us believe that Muslims are terrorists. It changed our perspective on Muslims and limited our knowledge. Therefore, language creates boundaries and restricts our perspective. Furthermore, culture and our values limits our perspective too. In the article

Effects of Roman Architecture

It was an art of shaping space around ritual, it sought identity and fulfillment in the performance and creation, it was their way of reducing chaos, it was used to show their newly developed building skills, it was to â€Å"romanize† their country and set it apart from others. What was the reasoning for making such extraordinary structures? From the beginning of the use of â€Å"the arch† to the construction of huge public places such as the Roman arena. There’s a reason why thousands of people visit these places every year, something so amazing that keep’s our attention. It’s the beauty, or the concept of building these, or maybe the idea of designing such complex structures. The detail is tremendously in depth also, they truly cared about what they were doing. We here the quote said by John Heywood when being lectured about hard work, â€Å"Rome was not built in a day. †7 And it’s so very true. We today are amazed in how and why they would do it. The effects on today are tremendous. If you were to look down your street you would see so many uses of Roman Architecture. Columns? So simple but still so elegant. Domes? Such an amazing architectural design. Arches? Gave a whole new meaning to an open-looking building. Before Roman style came we had other styles including; Prehistoric which did not inspire much besides stone circles and Ancient Egypt which gave us the beautiful pyramids. Besides that, the Romans were the first to really break through. Which is what they wanted, wanting to be known by all. Roman Architecture effected the future’s idea on structure, design and the ability to obtain power by it’s beauty, it’s structure, and it’s uses. So what was the reasoning of making these structures? To show all the power they had, to show what they could do themselves. The English author Goethe once said, â€Å"Dream no small dreams for they have no power to move the hearts of men. †2 Proving that they were the ones that were smart enough to come up with this. Not only did they make them to show everyone, they used them. They were used daily and stayed intact. They’re still intact today! 4 So many designs that helped the future come up with more and more complex ideas. Producing such massive, creative, and beautiful designs made people come and sit in ah. The year is 2009 and guess who is still coming and sitting in ah, we are. The poet Friedrich von Schelling once said, â€Å"Architecture in general is rozen music. †1 And music in general is a beautiful thing. Beauty is a big factor in attracting attention. If something is that beautiful, people will take the effort to take a double look. Romans took this into account and used it to their advantage. Take the Pantheon for example, simply amazing. It’s thought by many to be almost perfect in interior design. The light pours through the aperture in the coffered dome, and creates a mystical atmosphere in the windowless building. From afar you see the massive dome, the octastyle porch and a rectangular feature connecting the two. There are also eight granite columns, six of them being original. 4 The two replacement columns were made of a reddish granite, almost identical. The inside is what is really amazing, you first walk up to the porch which is made of all marble and granite. The two stones were arranged in a pattern of circles and rectangles. You then enter the â€Å"entranceway† where you see that it is framed by pilasters of white marble. To get into the rotunda you enter through huge doors made of bronze that are connected by wooden planks, attached again by bronze nails. When first stepping into the rotunda your eye goes directly to â€Å"the eye†. â€Å"The eye†, or the all-powerful eye, is a round piece of glass on the direct top of the dome. It gives off a fair amount of light and in the Roman’s perspective, keeps an eye on all visitors. 7 Thomas Fuller a British author once said â€Å"Light, God's eldest daughter, is a principal beauty in a building. †2 The Rotunda also has an unbelievable amount of statues, columns, and detailed stoned etchings. The ground their is also arranged with alternating circles and squares of colored marbles and granites. What’s amazing is the craftsmanship that was put into every piece of art the Roman’s produced, and the time it took to make them. William Sutton once said, â€Å"Success in any endeavor requires single-minded attention to detail and total concentration. †9 Like the Colosseum’s hundreds of beautiful arches and the detail involved in each square. Or the beautiful rounded look they created for their theaters. Or the amazing etchings in the Monumental Arch. And who could forget about the baths! The creative, soothing paintings and the marble lined utilities were enough to ease the mind. Beauty, if used wisely, can lead to power. Power is what the Romans craved for and power is what was perceived from the outsider, they won. The structure of every building they ever erected was just amazing. Without their help the idea of theatre seating may not have even happened. The theatre has always meant so much throughout history, Oscar Wilde once said, â€Å"I regard the theatre as the greatest of all forms, the most immediate way in which a human being can share with another the sense of what is is to be a human being. †3 Take the Theatre of Marcellus for example. The theatre is 111 m. n diameter and could originally hold 11,000 spectators. 2 The theatre was built mainly of tuff and concrete faced with stones in the pattern known as opus reticulatum, then completely plastered in white travertine. 5 It also consisted of three levels supported by columns. Each level had a different architectural style: the first level had arches supported by columns in the Doric Order, the second featured arches with Ionic columns and the third one consisted of a wall with pilasters in the Corinthian Order. 8 Only parts of the first two levels are still visible today but their design withstood years and years of usage. The Roman’s also used the idea of the arch and developed into the vault. The simplest kind of vault is a barrel vault, it’s generally semicircle in shape and has a continuous arch, the length being greater than its diameter. 4 Rings are placed in position one at a time while the timber supports are taken out. With a barrel vault, the temporary support is then shifted on to support the next rings. 6 You had to take so many steps to get the final structure. And did they know it was going to work? They’re the Roman’s, they can do anything. Maybe they took a few test trials though. Two kids received identical play houses. One kid brought fake pots and little plastic food to play with. The other kid brought a toy gun and plastic tools to play with. Which kid would you assume has power of the other? The kid with the toy gun of course! The Roman’s not only had amazing, massive structures, they also used them to the max. The Roman’s are known for their spectacular public baths. The most famous being Diocletian and the Bath of Caracalla. 3 During this period of time many people did not care much about their hygiene. What they did was create elegant baths for the Roman public. This was never before done, so those looking from the outside would think that pretty important people must live there. The Roman’s also had many temples and tombs to honor certain people. The temples and tombs always looked so exquisite too. So did that mean so many great and powerful people lived in Rome? That’s what they wanted you to think. Josh Billings a humor writer once said, â€Å"You pretty it up, they’ll believe anything you’ll say. †9 The Colosseum is a great example of how the Roman’s used their masterpieces. The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamus, elephants, giraffes and ostriches. 1 Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Some contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days. 7 There are also accounts of a â€Å"sea battle†, described as being filled with water for a show of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. The way they did things in the Colosseum was very gruesome. They occasionally used condemned people for â€Å"plays† where executions in which the hero of the story was killed in various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death. 6 The poet Anatole Broyard once said, â€Å"Rome was a poem pressed into service as a city. †3 If the Colosseum singly would be a poem it’d be the gruesome, horrid type of poem. Bringing wild animals and having men try to kill them was just a game to watch. What is the rest of the world going to think about Rome when they here what they do for fun? I would be scared. The Colosseum is the pride and joy of the Roman’s. It is the greatest work of Roman Architecture and Roman Engineering. It put together everything they worked for, everything they were good at. It’s the distinct building that everyone knows and remembers. Byron, a historian once said, â€Å"While stands the Colosseum, Rome shall stand; When falls the Colosseum, Rome shall fall; And when Rome falls, the world. †2 Its beauty, design and usage made everyone believe the Roman’s had the power. The Colosseum is about 620Ãâ€"513 ft. in length and about 165 ft. in height. The internal arena was 287Ãâ€"180 ft. It’s estimated that it could seat 45 to 50,000 spectators and on special occasions the numbers could be as high as 70,000! 4 The skeletal framework consisted of concentric piers and arches and was built of Travertine limestone, these rings were linked with walls. There were also four stories all together, all surrounded with a total of 80 arches. 2 The floor of the arena was made of wood and then covered with sand. Under the arena there was an 18 ft. high basement which stood on cement foundations some 18 ft. thick. The basement is an architectural masterpiece in itself, about as big as the arena itself too. The rooms of the basement were specially constructed to support the show on the stage above but were used for a number of purposes such as keeping animals, medics, gladiators, general supplies and so on. It is known that there was an elevator type device to elevate animals and fighters into the arena from the floors underneath so that they could join in the action when it was their turn. 7 Besides the structural wonderment of the Colosseum, it held so much allure from all points of view. Matthew Arnold is quoted saying, â€Å"I gazed upon the scene with intense and mingled feeling. The world could show nothing greater. â€Å"2 From the thoroughness of every individual arch to the hand crafted statues. There was a definite appeal in this building. Only the great and powerful can do great and powerful things. This is something the Romans believed, and heavily. Being able to build such grand and ravishing buildings proved that they could do great and powerful things. The late Spanish writer, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra once said, â€Å"When thou art at Rome, do as they do at Rome†. 2 Obviously Rome’s â€Å"scare factor† was known to many. Some may think that Roman and Greek architecture are the same concept, but the Roman’s put so much more into their skill. The way they meshed together their artistic abilities and architectural abilities created such a great and powerful bond. Their unbelievable leaps in the architecture ladder should be remembered for a long time, it is very much deserved. Roman Architecture effected the future’s idea on structure, design and the ability to obtain power by it’s beauty, it’s structure, and it’s uses. They wanted to be know, they literally killed for it! The year is 2009 and we remember, congratulations Rome.

Robotics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Robotics - Research Paper Example This paper reviews the unethical implications related to the use of these lethal weaponry. It provides a platform of reasoning for the policy makers, the political class, military personnel, scientists and the general public on the impending consequences of replacing humans in war with robots. It evaluates both the adverse effects of rapid change from humans to remote controlled robots and lately, to automated robots capable of sensing, hearing, communicating, acting and the extend of their necessities. In the evaluation and analysis, the review attempts to center around the ethical implications surrounding usage of automated robots in the modern warfare. Introduction and background The use of automated robots has a long history which began in the late 1980s when researchers got involved in the investigations on the use of multiple mobile robot systems. Previously, most researchers have carried out research which mainly concentrated on distributed problem solving mechanism. The main areas of concern by then were multi- robot motion plan, architectures for multi- robot cooperation and cellular robot system. Humanoid robots were first used in factories. They were capable to carry out production work without human assistance. The use of mobile and remote controlled robots in the military began back during the World War II and the cold war. The Germans through Goliath tracked mines and Soviet teletanks (a soviet built robot tanker) were used. The predator planes or drones were first used by the CIA officials in collection of intelligence in a fantasy environment. The aerial robots could collect intelligence for the military officials. Traditionally, robots were regarded as a topic for fiction by scientists in warfare. The modern concept of use of robots in the warfare began to develop with the use of mechanics and the introduction of electrical power. As time went on and many soldiers lost their lives in the battle field, there arose need to automate robots so that they could take the role of humans. This was after the rise of issues of human rights in the 1920s, although with concern and focus on the aggressor. This is the time that humanoid machines were developed and the myth of use of robots forgotten. It was now a reality (Parker 1-10). Robots are now gaining momentum in the modern warfare, although their use dates far back in the 19th century. Automated robots are proving to be efficient in the battle field as they reduce human loses and can easily penetrate in dangerous zones and perform effective and efficient. It is now common that robots in form of unmanned air vehicles are widely used by the US in destroying their enemies. This is evident in the Middle East wars, for instance Iraq, Afghanistan and collection of intelligence in South Korea among other regions of the world. Today, the drones used in war are controlled by pilots on the ground but with technological advancement, the pilots will be able to dial in when needed by the rob ots to take a specific action. The officer would be like managers in the future as robots undertake their roles. This trend of deploying autonomous robots in the battled field is quite worrying with regard to the ethical use of these systems in conflicts. This technological advancement generates more questions that are unanswered. The central question rests on the principle of discrimination of the combatant, non combatants and the organizational structure of the

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 19

Human Resource Management - Essay Example It’s for that reason crucial for all supervisors to comprehend and provide due significance to the diverse HR guiding principles as well as functions within a business. Management of HR describes HRM significance along with its diverse roles of a company. It explores the diverse Human Resource procedures which get interested with drawing, controlling, inspiring as well as developing workers for the organization’s advantage (Metz, 2005, 35). Talk to anyone operating within Omani oil and gas industry as well it is shortly prior to the arising of the HR question. â€Å"The tanks at this place are vastly complex; thus, the capability gap is a challenge; however it may even be a problem within the United Sates or whichever other marketplace. We require collaborating with the State in providing sufficient education,† Chikri Ben Ammo, the general oilfield services general director of Schlumberger Oman. The multifaceted reservoir buildings coupled with hydrocarbons endowment from sultanate implies that the responsibility sourcing human resources with suitable know-how as well as competencies has constantly been a hard one for global oil corporations, and will probably stay so (Dess & Miller 2010, 12). The article describes the challenges in HR management inside a shifting setting and recommends possible leveraging as well as HR management methods. Hiring as well as retaining competent personnel has transformed into an expensive commerce in form of capital as well as time, and it’s hence not shocking that the State along with the personal sector has by now ventured large amounts in teaching Omanis in working at all hydrocarbon company levels, from discovery to distillation and delivery (Sadler 2003 23). The mainly noticeable sign of this combined endeavor is to be established in Muscat control center foundations of the government-owned colossal Petroleum Growth

Comparison Pratt's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison Pratt's - Essay Example Therefore, presentation of conflict and tranquility at individual, local, social and international levels form the major components of contact zones. In that vein, media, time periods, traditions and faculties form major points of reference while exploring a film. Consequently, zones describe and identify origins of conflict; explanations on how occurrences of conflicts reach others and to strive to understand ways that ordinary statesmen can work for peace (Grossman, 2013). Mary concept of contact zones encompasses colonialism, slavery, and results as is witnessed in various parts of the world. Mary eventually uses the word to reconsider most models of communities that many people use to teach and theorize conflicts in the world today. It is important to note that, Guaman Poma huge letter to Philip III exemplifies some social complexities that culminate to conquests and empires. The letter was written in two languages, Spanish and Quechua and in two parts. Nueva is the name of the first part that was constituted of the main official discourses. New chronicles by Guaman Poma’s gives an instance that mary proposes to call an autoethnographic text. A text that individuals undertake to describe themselves in ways that other people talk of them in presentations they make (Grossman, 2013). Unlike ethnographic texts used by people in European metropolitan subjects to represent themselves, autoethnography represent texts that the so-defined others develop in response to other texts. Important to note, autoethnogrsphics are not equivalent to autochthonous way of expression or self-representation that many fondly mistake. Rather, it involves choosing collaborations that can are appropriated with idioms of the conqueror (Grossman, 2013). The texts are merged and blended in at different degrees with idioms to form a self-representation that strives to get involved in metropolitan

Fallacies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fallacies - Assignment Example The language fallacy creates an impression on the readers of the article that the same issue occurs in the other communities located within the United States. People should not be misled by this fallacy. Language fallacy includes the use of language to create a false impression on the people (Engel, 1994). Further, to ensure the veracity of the statement, a research should be conducted. Evidence Fallacy. The article offers an assertion that is not supported by evidence. The violation creates an impression or statement that is not verified by evidence (Austin, 2008). Identifying the evidence fallacy, the statement â€Å"they will reduce public assistance rolls substantially and give our nation’s welfare reform effort a fighting chance to succeed.† indicates a false impression that reducing public assistance rolls substantially will automatically result to giving our nation’s welfare reform effort a fighting chance to succeed. There are strong probabilities that re ducing public assistance rolls substantially will not give our nation’s welfare reform a fighting chance to succeed. The news reporter should have verified his or her data, prior to the presentation to the public. The reporter will be surprised that thee is a possibility that the government continues to implement other programs that will alleviate the nation’s drug and alcohol abuse. Reasoning Fallacy. The author shows a reasoning fallacy. A reasoning fallacy crops up when the conclusions of the author are based on faulty gathering of supporting evidences. The author of the paper commits the unforgivable fallacy because of unskillful analysis of the facts (Sprague, 2008). Identifying the reasoning fallacy, the statement â€Å"State and local officials need not be tagged as tax-and-spend liberals if they devote more resources to addressing these problems among welfare recipients.† shows a generalization aspect of reasoning fallacy. The statement gives a false imp ression that all state and local officials are automatically tagged as tax-and-spend liberals if they devote more resources to addressing these problems among welfare recipients, giving an impression that the liberals are spendthrifts. Definitely, not all of the state and local officials should be tagged as tax-and-spend liberals because some state and local officials base their devoting more resources to the addressing these problems among welfare recipients on legal, evidential, and other legitimate grounds that exempt them from being tagged as tax-and-spend liberals. The author should have reported the facts, not to prematurely jump into conclusions. Using government funds to help the drug dependents and alcohol dependents should not be construed as unfavorable tax money allocation. Presence of fallacies. The fallacies diminish the quality of the author’s arguments. The readers can use common sense to detect if the author’s arguments are valid. By reading the articl e, the average reader will always say the statements, findings, or conclusions do not apply to all situations. There will always be exceptions to the author’s proposals. The author should add more data and researches to back up his proposed concepts. The purpose of the author’s fallacies is to increase acceptance of the author’

Is Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Associated with Autism Spectrum Research Paper

Is Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders - Research Paper Example The two articles have a similar hypothesis. Both articles are trying to investigate whether neonatal jaundice is also known as neonatal/infant hyperbilirubinemia might be related to Autism Related Disorders (ARDs). The first article, Pediatrics, retrieved from the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics employs the case-control cohort study while the second article, retrieved from online publications uses retrospective case-control design. Therefore, this paper will examine how each investigation in each article was conducted. It will address the strengths and weaknesses the two approaches. The paper will conclude with suggestions on how I would design an ideal study to investigate the hypothesis. The research objective with regard to both journal articles was to investigate the association between neonatal hyperbilirubinemia/jaundice and autism spectrum disorders. As stated earlier, the investigations carried out in the journal article of paediatrics employed case-control cohort study. A large, population-based case control study, was carried out within an integrated health plan with extensive computerized data resources involving prospectively laboratory collected results and diagnoses (Pediatrics Digest as cited in Lisa et al., 2005). Case and control subjects were identified from the cohort of infants who were born at a northern California Kaiser Permanente (KP) facility between January 1995 and December 1998 and remained KP members for more than two years after birth (n=73 291) (Pediatrics Digest as cited in Lisa et al., 2005). Case subjects (n=393) were defined as children for whom an ASD diagnosis, i.e., Asperger’s syndrome or pervasive development disorder were recorded in KP outpatients clinical databases at any time between January 1995 and December 1998†¦All the children were between the 4 and 7 years old at the time the database was  scanned. 5 control subjects per case subject, were randomly selected from the cohort of children who did not have the diagnosis of ASD recorded in the clinical database.

Impact of Culture on International Marketing Strategy Assignment

Impact of Culture on International Marketing Strategy - Assignment Example From the international business perspective culture refers to the distinct way of living for the people of a particular society. The term culture includes but is not limited to values, beliefs, assumption, moral, ethics, religion, etc of a society. These factors of culture are gradually learned from the members of the society and are passed from one generation to others. It defines and determines the ways in which the people of a particular society live. In addition to this, the culture of a society also determines what is acceptable and what is unacceptable for a society (Helsen 2009). As the market of developed countries like UK are getting saturated, and because of high level of competition it become important for the organization to look for the new territories and markets (Doole and Lowe 2008). Markets of developing countries like India and China are in the state of evolution and their economy is booming, because of which there are good amount of opportunities are present for th e foreign organizations. This statement can be supported by the fact that sales rates for Coca-Cola get doubled every three years in the countries like India, China and Indonesia, whereas in developed countries its average growth rates are below 5% (Fletcher 2007). Thus it can be said that developing countries provides more growth opportunities in comparison to the developed countries. But to capitalize these opportunities it is important for the organization to adopt a strong marketing strategy for such international markets. Currently, companies like Coca-Cola are targeting the elite population of developing countries. Most of the firms having imperialist mindset, which made them to sell the same products without any change as per the needs of the new market and consumers. Most of the organization believes that with the increase in the income level, people will start using their products. But this approach of the organization will help them to utilize only a part of the total mark et. At this stage, the role of international marketing come into the act as it helps the organization to understand the different market drivers, through which organization can capitalize the market well. Different market drivers are technology, culture, competition, etc. (Giligan and Hird 1986)

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary - Essay Example As such, America has a right to torture terrorist suspects but under exceptional circumstances (Hickey, 2012). Crucial is the fact that terrorism does not take an isolated approach. This is to say that terrorism does not restrict to breaking of a law. Acts of terrorism inflict harm on third parties most of whom are innocent law abiding citizens. Terrorism is a crime against humanity because it causes harm to individuals and undermines the sanctity of freedoms such as the right to life. Moher (2004), advocates for the use of torture using the argument â€Å"a lesser of the two evils†. In the event that one person stands in the way of saving millions from harm by with holding information, then extreme measures are likely to suffice. However, sanctified the rights of an individual, the government is likely to protect the masses rather than one person (Hickey, 2012). While describing the phrase â€Å"a lesser of the two evils†, utilitarianism is in play. This is the idea th at a policy is as relevant as the extent to which it protects, to a greater advantage, the masses, as opposed to an isolated few. Nonetheless, there is a need to establish under what situation torture is valid and what form this torture will take. Currently, America utilizes the policy of torture under the Radar screen. This technique encompasses underground torture methods such as rendition. This is where the suspect is subject to interrogation in a nation that has less restrictive rules on torture by using torture lite methods. Moher (2004) holds that it is more appropriate to accept that torture exists and find a way to regulate it using the justice system. As such, he proposes utilizing a judicially sanctioned torture system. Under this judicial guise, torture will procure information from suspects with more advantages than disadvantages. First off, Moher (2004) reports on Professor Alan Dershowitz’s theory who suggests that torture be medically supervised to ensure that the process only causes pain and discomfort but not permanent body damage. Secondly, there will be some form of due process. This is because the suspect’s guilt is subject to the scrutiny of a neutral magistrate. Proofing beyond all reasonable doubt that a suspect has information is part of judicially sanctioned torture. Finally, in case of a fatality, the judicial system has the power to demand an explanation and, therefore, reducing the chances of extreme brutality on the suspects (Hickey, 2012). Moher (2004) argues that judicially sanctioned torture is, therefore, more humane than the current underground system. Moreover, it is imperative to note that his stand on torture is in regard to the ticking bomb scenario. That is the suspect is holding information needed sooner rather than later, and the lack of this information could result in greater damage than torturing would cause. In summary, these arguments call for the use of logic rather than the inclination towards moral ity and its related emotional entanglements. Utilitarianism in this case is a logical approach (Hickey, 2012). Though most torture methods do not have a scientific basis, their success in obtaining information has proven adequate for the most part (Clarke, 2007). Expert interrogators claim that humans tend to avoid pain and discomfor

Leadership in the Movies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership in the Movies - Coursework Example This paper presents an analytical paradigm of leadership approaches. A typical illustration of how this paradigm functions is shown in the film Twelve O’Clock High. The 1949 movie is about the Second World War and how an unsuccessful bomber troop was made triumphant by Brigadier General Savage. Plot Summary General Frank Savage, in this narrative of the first phase of bombing attacks over Germany, is ordered to lead a disastrous bomber team after a commanding officer is dismissed. A great deal of the narrative focuses on Savage’s great effort to make the team highly disciplined despite of several and major losses. Real battle footage is included in this vividly told war story. The American 918th Bomber Group has recently accomplished another assignment. The performance of the 918th is depressing. The group is enduring major crew fatalities and aircraft damages. The poor performance of the 918th stands in contrast with the achievements of other bomber units. Consequently , the 918th experiences weak motivation and a status as ‘The Hard Luck Unit† (Lay & Bartlett, 1980, 19); thus starts the archetypal film about the Second World War. Savage, after reaching the 918th Bomber Group, observes that there are weak levels of obedience and discipline. The soldiers show almost no concern for military civility and are frequently intoxicated. Savage promptly evaluates the records of assistant leaders. He finds out that Air Executive Officer Lieutenant Colonel Ben Gately has a good record. But Savage is forced to order an arrest of Gately because he is missing from his position. When Gately is arrested, Savage criticizes him for abandoning his assignment and for being personally accountable for the failure of the prior commanding officer. Savage dismisses Gately from the position but refuses to recommend his reassignment. Rather, Savage proclaims, â€Å"I’m not going to pass the buck†¦ I’m going to keep you right here† (Lay & Bartlett, 1980, 14). Savage afterward relocates all of the nonconformists of the 918th unit. Even though the decisions of Savage may seem to be humiliating, he is going on the right direction. His charismatic leadership style is usually aggressive, drastic, and transformative, often working as a change catalyst. Savage exhibits a supernatural intuition. He recognizes Gately can be a very effective leader, but one who requires motivation. The aspiration of Savage is for Gately to turn out to be a self-actualized individual, to emerge from a self-centered to altruistic character and be instilled with well-formed work principles. Savage displays transformational inclinations of a charismatic leader. By granting Gately the opportunity to regain his good reputation as a leader, Savage finally guides him to a deep empowerment position. Gately in time realizes his decisions and attitudes strongly influence the group’s capacity to effectively complete its assignment. Charismatic Le adership’s Transformational Traits Future leaders will confront numerous circumstances where in they will have to adopt transformational traits of a charismatic leader. Numerous leaders of the future will come to believe that

Emotion and New York Essay Example for Free

Emotion and New York Essay In Proof, there is a contrast presented between the abstract and tangible aspects of life. Claires life revolves around everything that is practical while Catherine relies more on things that are theoretical. These choices cause problems in each sisters life in that they are both disconnected from the real world and neither can relate to other people, including each other. Catherine focuses on the theoretical, letting her life revolve around things that are not tangible, things that other people cannot necessarily see. Early on in the play, Catherine figures out that the number of days she has wasted because of her depression is a mathematically significant number. Math is a very abstract science and this scene shows how mathematically minded Catherine is. It also shows how easily she is able to think abstractly. Her father helps her mathematically manipulate this number right before he admits that he is, in fact, dead at the time of this conversation. Again, Catherine is relying on something intangible, the mental representation of Robert. While Robert was ill, Catherine stayed with him to take care of him emotionally. She did not typically wash dishes, clean the house, or pay bills, Catherine was taking care of her fathers emotional state. In her mind, she was making sure he stayed well by having someone to rely on for the intangible aspects of life. Because Catherine lives in the abstract, she is unable to relate to people who live in the real world. Because of this and other reasons, she has no friends. She tells her father, in order for your friends to take you out you generally have to have friends. Most 25 year olds would go out with friends on their birthday; the fact that she has no friends is odd and causes the audience to worry. In the end of Act 1 Scene 1, Catherine calls the cops to keep Hal from stealing one of her fathers notebooks even though, as she admits in the beginning of Scene 2, she didnt really want them to come. The cops come back the next morning and are not happy. This shows that she does not relate well with the practical world and its consequences. Unlike her sister, Claire is overly practical, completely engrossed in material aspects of life. While Catherine is at home with their father,  Robert, Claire moves to New York to continue her education, get her own place, and have a job. She pays all the bills from New York, but does not involve herself with other aspects of taking care of their father besides encouraging Catherine to put him in a full time care situation. Bills are very material and concrete, showing how much Claire relies on tangible aspects of life and how well she can deal with these things. When Claire is visiting Catherine for their fathers funeral, she tries to get Catherine to try a conditioner she likes. When Catherine asks Claire for some scientific facts about the Jojoba in the conditioner, Claire replies, it makes my hair feel, look, and smell good. Thats the extent of my information about it. Claire doesnt know any scientific information about the Jojoba, only how it physically affects her hair. Claire values material objects over immaterial things like emotions, which makes it difficult for her to connect with people and deal with them appropriately. At the party after the funeral, Claire tries to out drink the theoretical physicists and fails miserably waking up with a horrible hangover. Claire does this because she believes, incorrectly, that she is better than the theoretical physicists based on their lack of grounding in the practical world. At the end of Act 1, Claire tells Catherine, its not your fault. Its my fault for letting you do it. This implies that Claire thinks she can control Catherine. Claire believes she can control people like she can control things. Claire also decides she wants Catherine to move to New York so she can keep a better eye on her. She tells Catherine it would be much easier for me to get you set up in an apartment in New York again showing how she wants to control Catherines life and does not show regard for Catherines emotions such as Cath erines desire to stay in her home town and her sense of belonging there. Due to Catherine and ClaireÂ’s different priorities, they do not relate to each other and have a disconnected relationship. This is established early on in the play when Catherine says to her father, she is not my friend, she is my sisterAnd I dont like her. It is clear from this statement that Catherine does not feel connected to Claire. At one point Claire goes so far as to accuse Catherine of being insane, claiming that Catherine has made up  Harold Dobbs. She later meets Hal and does not even apologize to her sister. Sadly, this is not the only thing Claire does to show complete disregard for her sisters feelings. When Hal shows up in Act 1 Scene 2, Catherine makes a big scene and Claire completely ignores her. “CATHERINE: Okay? I really donÂ’t need this, Claire. IÂ’m fine, you know, IÂ’m totally fine, and then you swoop in here with these questions, and “Are you okay?” and your soothing tone of voice and “Oh, the poor policemen” Ââ€" I think the police can handle themselves! Ââ€" and bagels and bananas and jojoba and “Come to New York” and vegetarian chili. I mean it really pisses me off, so just save it. (Beat.)CLAIRE: (smoothly to HAL) IÂ’m Claire. CatherineÂ’s sister.”Clearly Claire is ignoring CatherineÂ’s emotions and chooses to not try to deal with her sisters fit. This is also an example of how Catherine inappropriately deals with her own emotions and her sisters attempts to help. Claire cannot be there for Catherine if she wonÂ’t deal with any emotions and Catherine chooses not to react calmly to ClaireÂ’s assertions. Neither sister has found the best way to live their life, they need to find a happy medium between the practical and theoretical aspects of life so that they can function properly in the real world and relate to the people living in it. Works Cited: Proof by David Auburn

Media Ethics for Online and Social Media

Media Ethics for Online and Social Media ETHICS for ethical media practices in the context of Online and Social Media Introduction The Online and Social Media constitute the major component of the life of people in terms of news, information exchange, gathering information, banking, shopping etc., Unlike the traditional media, in spite of restrictions is the usage of Online media well within the stipulated regulations and ethical? Does interacting in Social media cause social, regulatory , commercial and legal issues? How far is the awareness among the public on the ethical backgrounds, the principles governing this media and the regulations? This paper analyzes the ethics along with the standards and regulations. Online and Social Media Media is a term which represented the print the radio in the olden times. With the growth of technology many other media have emerged based on the internet. Most recently, with the invention of smart phones the media has broadened its scope or it can be viewed as the media has witnessed a new dimension to reach mass audiences. Ethics The increase in the internet usage and the internet access in computers as well as mobile phones and smart phones have vitalized the growth of Social the Online Media. Official UAE census data of Global Media Journal estimates Internet penetration at 82.2%, which is higher than in the United States. The social media is a common platform for information exchange. The reach in multitude makes it necessary for the ethics to be followed. Media Ethics was once considered a quality to be followed by the journalists and the reporters. But today it becomes important for each and every individual making use of Social and Online Media to be ethical. This paper analyzes the extent of ethics that is being adapted. 3.1. Ethics on Online Social media The Online Social media is a platform which is common to one and all. Our personal network, our professional network or any other unknown sources constitute the audience of the Social media. The journalists or the reporters are responsible for the content delivered through the Print or the Broadcasting media. But when it comes to the Social Online media every individual who shares information becomes responsible. NPR Ethics handbook, 2012 states that the probability of access to the internet is also high owing to the cost reduction .Most importantly, the frequency of usage of the social media is very high. Hence the probability of disclosing unethical content is relatively high. 3.2. Ethics on Social, Commercial, Legal, Regulatory and Cultural factors The Online and the Social Media have a direct impact on the society. The information sharing and the freedom of access with anyone and everyone has definitely shaked the institution of a family. The frequent update of information on the growth and achievements cause an internal stress for the segment of the society that has not witnessed growth at all or a relative growth. The reach to the Mass has interested many of the commercial institutions to utilize the Social Media for their business development and marketing. This has opened more doors to any business but at the same time presents a huge competition. According to NPR ethics handbook (2012 ),the society has no way to estimate or to analyze the genuinity of the information or the authenticity of the company as information comes with an unknown author. Consequently, the fake information posted about a specific company or brand on the Social media could also lead to legal problems. Every individual has a close group of friends/ relatives, the next level would be professional friends and then the acquaintances, employers etc., The level of intimacy and the extent of information sharing is not the same in each level. The unnecessary information sharing also is unethical. According to Vallor,Shannon (2012) as employees of an organization, they have a limit in disclosing the information pertaining to the company, the products etc., to be ethical in their approach. The Online and Social media are used by the employees to voice out their personal opinions on the products/ regulations etc., which is unethical. Individuals have their own likes, dislikes, interests and these personal preferences could result in bias towards the people, products, organizations. This bias could either be positive or negative and this is used to influence the people in the Online and Social Media. The children and the teenagers have started using the Social and the Online Media. The Social media has age restrictions but the extent to which it is being followed is highly uncertain. The Wikipedia (2014) states that the personal and confidential information is being disclosed without awareness and they are being preyed upon by the people engaged in unwanted activities resulting in sexual abuse. The elders, in the other hand, are connected to the media through the electronic gadgets and seldom find time for their family. The Online and Social Media give way to cross culture . Cross culture is a salient feature in terms of business but at the same time has a negative impact on the society. Wail. A. Barry, Gwen Bouvier (2011) state that the private or intimate information is brought to public by the unethical use of social media . Every country has a culture, belief structure , values, religion associated with it. The Social Media enhances the awareness of various cultures , religions but sometimes the cultural difference could create an impact on the society. What is correct in a country may seem to wrong in the other country. Ethics in the world UAE. The Online and Social media have kept the whole world connected throughout and has facilitated information exchange, information updation etc,. but at the same time the ethical factors like freedom ,integrity, secrecy are not measurable. In an interview ( 9news.com, 2014) Linda Chandears, President of Daniels Fund states that the children use Social media without proper awareness and get into problems which persist for their lifetime. Also Elliott ( 9news.com, 2014) underlines the fact that Social media came into existence without proper regulations and has been the prime cause of cyber crimes. The information or images posted by the people themselves and sometimes by the peer group has completely shattered the personal and also professional lives. This calls for practicing ethics both in the personal and professional lines and to maintain appropriateness whilst using Social Media .The awareness to maintain ethics in the Social media as well has started and people have started evolving their social media practices . In the UAE, the country as a whole is well connected digitally .The survey indicated 78% of the country’s population had regular Internet access, and that almost half had an account on a social media websites (ibid ). UAE has its own laws and ethics with respect to religion, culture, traditions , beliefs etc.,A TRA person in his interview to UAE Emirates Business 24-7 that any social media that allows interaction without disturbing the country and fellowmen mentally or physically with respect to their values will be allowed. The other sites which cause harm or degrade the society as a whole or specifically children, women etc., are blocked. These studies reveal that the Social and online media are equally gaining predominance in the UAE too and the factors governing media ethics have to be given significant importance too. Principles and standards The basic factors that have to be considered when using a Social Media constitute the principles of Social Media. Jon Reed (2014) describes the information that is delivered in the social media needs to be authentic as it is viewed by the community and cannot be misleading. Social media can be used for marketing but the basic approach towards the social media and the other traditional media has to be different. Building a community in the social media is a lengthy process and more importantly earning reliability as well as trust worthiness is the clue to success. The results in the case of a social media marketing does not happen immediately and the kind of waiting is worth it. The ICCO (2011) clearly specifies that the Social media has been in action for quite some years now and cannot continue in the trial period . The norms have to clear and factual for the customers . The control over the social media and the social media marketing will only enhance confidence on the media. The criteria have to be designed after getting inputs across the line. Different criteria with different standards puzzle the customer and it is time to break various criteria and dwell on a single factor. This helps easier understanding and the results can also be well monitored . This standardization helps in understanding the Social media in complete and to develop and invent methods for the better future. This standardization helps in Social media becoming a constitutive part of the company’s marketing agenda. Overcoming the shortcomings or the misleading factors of the Social media helps in getting utmost clarity and to boost the customers’ confidence levels. In the recent past many companies have been engaged in the tracking of social media basically to understand the functioning and the outcome. These companies also are deriving methods to measure the output levels to improve the marketing strategies or to establish innovative methods for brand building. The Social media sites , their reach, the accuracy, the relative momentum, the passion attached to the sites etc., are analyzed to formulate scientifically measurable marketing processes. The opportunity in the Social media is commendably high owing to the omnipresence , the universal acceptance and the extreme passion attached to them.The challenge is to develop a unique solution to meet the specific needs of the cus tomer rather than standardizing. The traditional media have specific methods to measure the reach, frequency etc., whereas the Social media is yet to develop exact methods The recent aids used in close monitoring are Attending closely/Tracking Social interaction study Impacting study/ focusing Competing standards Website Usage study Network traffic/ topic analysis Quest Analysis Inclination study The methods seem to be simple but it is actually not owing to multiple factors that influence Social Media. The organizations using social media need clarity in the objective and the result expected for the companies to reach a consensus as to accordingly develop a strategy. Appraising the characteristic perspective and in terms of size and number are equally important for accuracy in results. These methods inspect the groups and the interaction perspective to clearly analyze and measure returns. The success of social media depends on the group size and the person who can lead the group. But the probability of accessing the groups and the members is very low. More importantly the openness of the individuals and the extent to which they will stand by the opinion is still a controversy. These aids and methods have to be tested over time to attain accurate methods. The false notion of most of the companies is measuring outcome by counting the number of likes in a social media. The number of likes even though indicates the number of people who actually visited the site is not an accurate way of audited reach. The key is to understand what percentage of the total people who have visited the site would fall into the potential targeted audience and the skill lies in identifying the same. Edelman Berland (2014) states that the organizations are not aware of the trends in Social Media and yet are much interested to be present in Social media  to stick on to the technological upgradations. They look out for advice from adepts in the field and subsequently demand clarity in the methods used. The global need is to develop standards and continuous work has been in progress. Conclusion From the time Social media came into existence, there has not been much ethics in the Online and Social Media. The factors like Social impact on the society, cyber crimes , Social media marketing have started focusing on the importance of the Ethics. The regulations in place require an updation based on the developments in technology. There are specific instances where the existing laws require amendments . These ongoing changes in laws, regulations can be monitored closely. The need for global standards and the regulations for the social media has been understood and the organizations are thriving to get advice on the Social media trends and processes. These standards in a global level will definitely create a benchmark in the Social and the Online Media. 6. References Vallor,Shannon 2012, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-social-networking/ Sharlyn Lauby, 2012, Ethics and Social Media: Where Should You Draw The Line?  http://mashable.com/2012/03/17/social-media-ethics/ Global Media Journal Arabian Edition Summer/Fall  Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 3-27 , Use of Social Media in the United Arab Emirates  http://www.gmj-me.com/gmj_custom_files/volume1_issue2/articles_in_english/volume1-issue2-article-3-27.pdf Social Media in Wikipedia  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media Stats.ae by Fish Eye Analytics, 2013  http://www.stats.ae/UAE-Facebook-Stats McAfee, Parent’s Guide to Social Networking Sites  http://www.mcafee.com Jon Reed, 2014, 7 Principles of Social Media Marketing  http://www.getuptospeed.biz/2013/09/7-principles-of-social-media-marketing/ Tim Marklein, Practice Leader, Technology Analytics, WCG; Co-chair, Council of PR Firms Measurement Committee,Katie Delahaye Paine, founder and CEO of KDPaine Partners LLC ,Richard Bagnall, MD Metrica, Director Gorkana Group, 2011, ICCO Moving Towards Global Standards for Social Media Measurement, http://amecorg.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Workshop-G.pdf Edelman Berland, Blog, https://www.edelmanberland.com/social-media-2/coalition-aims-to-establish-global-standards-for-social-media-measurement/ Nelson Garcia, KUSA , 2014, 9news.com   http://www.9news.com/story/tech/2014/10/24/daniels-fund-ethics-social-media/17862483/ NPR Ethics handbook, 2012, http://ethics.npr.org/tag/social-media/, Wail. A. Barry, Gwen Bouvier, 2011, Cross cultural Communication  http://www.academia.edu/1523380/Cross-cultural_Communication_Arab_and_Welsh_students_use_of_Facebook

Attitudes Towards Minorities With Mental Illness Social Work Essay

Attitudes Towards Minorities With Mental Illness Social Work Essay Members of ethnic minority groups are faced with several barriers that prevent them from adequately participating in treatment for mental illness. Mental illnesses are commonly overlooked and untreated due to the negative connotations that surround them. Minorities with lower socioeconomic status frequently have poor physical health, which creates vulnerability to mental illness pooled with a lack of affordable treatment and accessible resources. Stigma along with various beliefs and attitudes generates discrimination and social distancing behaviors towards persons with mental illness, as a result of the direct affects of ignorance, negative attitudes, and common beliefs. This often results in discrepancy and underutilization of service amongst minority populations. Mental Illness is a disorder of the brain that affects a persons mood, thinking and behavior (Cohen 2002, NIMH). Mental disorders are all around us, however, in many cases some are overlooked. According to the National Institute of Mental Health an estimated 26.2 percent of Americans, ages 18 and older, suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder each year; an estimated 45 percent of those with any diagnosable mental disorder meet criteria for 2 or more disorders (NIMH 2010). Serious mental illnesses interrupt a persons ability to carry out essential aspects of daily life. There are several different types of mental illnesses some of which are more severe than others, however, the most common disorders are depression, anxiety disorders, panic attacks, bipolar disorders, phobias, eating disorders, substance abuse, dementia, and schizophrenia (Kobau 2008). Causes of mental illness range from inherited traits and genetics to biological, environmental and social cultural factors to life experiences, such as excessive stress. When mental illnesses are left untreated, it can cause emotional, physical and behavioral health problems (Cohen, 2002; Whitley, 2010). However, due to stigmas and various negative connotations surrounding mental illness people often try to reject, ignore or self medicate the illness in a state of denial (Cohen, 2002). Moreover, poverty is an important moderator of the correlation between serious mental illness and social problems (Draine, 2002). African Americans as well as minorities are more prone to suffer from significant and persistent disparities within the mental health system (Whitley, 2010). This research paper will examine racial differences of both men and women suffering from common mental illness disorders and their usage of mental health services associated with stigmas. Minorities suffering from menta l illness are often less likely to access service from a mental health professional, and will more often receive poor quality care or drop out upon admittance (Whitley, 2010). Stigma and Discrimination The term stigma originally derives from the ancient Greek practice where criminals were branded, leaving them with a mark referred to as a stigma that allowed them to be easily identified (Gibson 2008). Persons with a stigma were usually rejected from society, viewed as outcast, and devalued by society similar to persons suffering from mental illness. Due to the stigma attached to persons tormented by mental illness, it forms a lack of personal contact with persons suffering from these disorders; resulting in a lack of knowledge, which in turn leads to prejudices, negative attitudes and stereotypes towards them (Alegria 2002, Guimà ³n 2010). Stigmatization of persons suffering with mental illness stems from socio-cultural, ethnic, religious, and economic factors (Guimà ³n, 2010). Stereotype-based negative attitudes and prejudices towards mental illness develop early in life, originating from cultural, historical and media depictions (Sartorius Schulze, 2005; Bauman, 2007; Guimà ³ n 2010). Prejudices, discrimination and social distance are frequent consequences of the stigmatization that follows mental illness. The effect of stigma permeates through many aspects of the lives mentally ill patients, resulting in discrimination by means of denial of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. For example, adequate housing, employment, education, health, freedom of opinion and expression can all be affected either directly or indirectly triggered by mental illness (Guimà ³n, 2010). Due to expectations of stable norms and values that shape todays society social distance becomes a direct effect of stigma related to mental illness (Baumann, 2007). When severe mental illness results in unusual or abnormal behavior the desire for separation and social distance becomes essential. Several social psychiatrists propose that society itself is sick and that stigmas and the diagnostic process are simply attempts to label individuals who try to free themselves from societ ys general organization (Guimà ³n, 2010). Stigma associated with mental illness exists across the general population. However, they hold acute significance amongst minority populations. Studies have found racial and ethnic differences regarding stigmatizing attitudes surrounding people with mental illness, which often influences discrimination and negative attitudes toward seeking treatment for mental illnesses (Alegria 2002, Faye 2005, Bolden 2005, Anglin, 2006). Minorities endure double stigma as a result of discriminatory practices along with having to deal with the burden of living with a mental disorder (Faye 2005, Shim 2009). Double stigma is created by ethnic minority group membership, which confronts the individual with significant barriers (Faye 2005). Researchers have theorized that African Americans, Caribbean blacks and persons from other ethnic minority groups hold more negative attitudes than Caucasians (Anglin, 2006; Shim, 2009; Whitley 2010). Stigmatizing attitudes in most cases acts as a barrier and deters i ndividuals from seeking care in order to avoid the label and shame of mental illness that result when people are associated with mental health care (Gary, 2005; Anglin, 2006). Quality of Treatment Care Furthermore, stigmatizing views are not strictly limited to the general population or in the context of social relationships with friends, relatives or employers; stereotypes also occur in the contact with general health professionals (Guimà ³n 2010, Ross Goldner 2009). A vast number of general medical nurses share negative attitudes and commonly held stereotypical beliefs of mental illness. Studies have shown that mental health psychiatry patients needs are not viewed as a priority by general medical nurses (Ross Goldner 2009). Thus they have more constructive things to handle such as looking after someone who is really sick, and more deserving while mentally ill patients are simply taking up space preventing a patient in need from a receiving a bed (Ross Goldner 2009). General nurses often stigmatize and present negative attitudes towards mental health psychiatry patients due to a lack of knowledge in addition to media generated and historical misrepresentations of persons with mental illness as violent and bizarre (Gary 2005; Ross Goldner, 2009; Guimà ³n, 2010). Affordable treatment and accessible resources is also a discrepancy when it comes to seeking psychiatric services. Minorities are at risk for not receiving adequate mental health care, given the lower socioeconomic status (Gary 2005). They often lack health insurance and are not capable to pay for services (Roberts 2008). This creates a circle of poverty is created when serious mental disorders go untreated resulting in individuals becoming unable to fully participate in education and work opportunities (Roberts 2008). Family resources are often depleted due to poverty, drastically effecting families struggling to provide care, and costly treatment for their loved ones (Gary 2005). Minorities with mental illness are less likely to receive treatment for mental illness. However, when they do receive treatment the care is more likely to be of poor quality (Shim 2009). Because African Americans and minorities seek treatment during a crisis the care they receive is normally crisis oriented, episodic and less likely to enhance long term recovery.(Bolden 2008) Social position plays major role in both mental illness and service use (Alegria 2002, Roberts 2008, Whitley 2010). Living in poor socioeconomic conditions encourage suffering distress and a greater risk of becoming diagnosed with a mental illness, with a lower chance of obtaining proper treatment (Roberts 2008, Whitley 2010). Minorities are overrepresented in underserved communities often lacking insurance or the ability to pay for services (Alegria 2002, Roberts 2008, Whitley 2010). Therefore, due to African Americans as well as other minorities previous experience with lower quality mental healthcare due to r acist experiences they are often discouraged from seeking care (Algeria 2002). Treatment Views and Outcomes In order to avoid anticipated discrimination and prejudice due to their condition, many people suffering with mental illness fail to seek treatment for early symptoms. One in four Americans will be affected by a mental health disorder in their lives. However, two out of three persons will seek help from a professional (Roberts, 2008). Minorities often seek late treatment during a crisis at the emergency room or from a primary care physician opposed to a psychiatrist or other specialty mental health professionals (Shim 2009, Bolden 2005). Studies have shown that specifically African Americans and minorities underutilize voluntary professional mental health services, driven by the uncertainty of the effectiveness of treatment (Anglin 2008, Jagedeo 2009), viewing the mental health clinic as a place to be fearfully avoided rather than a provider of service (Whitley 2010). Several researchers have hypothesized that certain demographics are more likely to feel uncomfortable speaking with a mental health professionals. Research has shown that a possible explanation for the differences of minorities seeking and receiving treatment for mental illness is a consequence of mistrust among patients (Alegria 2002). It has been argued that African American patients believe that their mental health experience of anguish is a religious or moral issue opposed to a psychiatric concern (Whitley 2010). African Americans prefer to receive informal counseling from church officials and ministers, which in turn prolongs delays in clinical treatment (Bolden 2005, Anglin 2008, Whitley 2010). Deidre M. Anglins research also suggests that African Americans are more likely to seek services from extended family networks. Anglin stresses the importance of family involvement and religion in African American Culture, which correlates to psychiatric rehabilitation related to stigma and family involvement, where families often discourage persons suffering with mental illness from seeking treatment (Whitley 2010). In contrast to the stigma associated with mental illness researchers have found that African Americans are more likely to believe that metal health professionals or a spiritual leader can help individuals suffering from mental disorders, however, studies consistently show that African Americans under utilize voluntary mental health services(Anglin 2008). Research has found that African Americans along with other minorities often believe that mental illness conditions will improve on their own, or that the condition is not serious (Anglin 2008, Roberts 2008, Shim 2009). Research has suggested that minorities believe that mild symptoms of mental illness are normal experiences, due to socioeconomic problems and daily experiences within their community (Roberts 2008). African Americans are more likely to delay seeking help until they experience symptoms or during a crisis, and are severely ill during the time of utilization which determines the length of the stay (Bolden 2005, Anglin 200 8). Furthermore, when individuals decide to seek treatment, many of them neglect the prescribed course of therapy, while others terminate mental health services all together (Faye 2005). Research suggests that once contact with mental healthcare professionals is made positive pretreatment attitudes diminish (Angling 2008, Shim 2009). African Americans and minorities have cultural mistrust when it comes to the mental healthcare system, leading to increased dropout and decreased client satisfaction surrounding treatment (Anglin 2008). Negative attitudes and stigma also advocate a strong association between mental healthcare and treatment dropout (Jagedeo 2009). Conclusion Racial and ethnic minorities beliefs regarding the natural course and the seriousness of mental illnesses relate to the perceived treatment effectiveness and common beliefs. Stigmatization, negative attitudes and discrimination attached to mental illnesses often lead to the under treatment of mental disorders. Minorities frequently believe that mental illness can be treated and possibly improve. However, there is inconsistency between the beliefs of actual need for treatment and utilization. Together, these realities support the hypothesis that minorities with mental illness are often less likely to access service from a mental health professional. In sum, increased awareness regarding the benefits of treatment can increase efforts, as well as beliefs hat mental health treatment is necessary.

Electric Vehicles: :: Essays Papers

Electric Vehicles: Current Uses: Currently electric vehicles are slowing becoming popular with some already on show room floors. Furthermore, there are many enthusiasts and groups that have really been pushing their use. Tough these cars do not share the same performance qualities of some gas-powered cars; the current technology has been rapidly catching up. Hybrid vehicles have offered in some ways the best of both worlds. The cars are environmentally friendly yet offer the power and distance capabilities of other cars on the market. Furthermore, there have been many ways of supplying electricity to the cars including home-rechargeable batteries and hydrogen power. Electric vehicles are a definite possibility for the future because they have the lowest emissions while driving. Groups like E-Vermont are independent interest groups that have gotten together to try to use this technology and increase other’s understanding of it. These interest groups are becoming very popular and many of them have found ways to transform normal automobiles into electric vehicles. Furthermore, groups like this get together and have a race to showcase the alternate fuel technologies that exist in the world today. The most well-known of these races is the Tour-De-Sol. This competition and festival highlights every form of transportation that promises less gas or oil use. This event helps to show the progress that has been made in electric vehicle technology. Many of the people who are part of this use electric vehicles in one form or the other. Some of them use a hybrid form while others stay strictly to a battery-charged electric vehicle. Most people do not know but electric vehicles are out there for people to use. They have not yet replaced the internal-combustion engine as the vehicle of choice for most but electric power does have its place in the world. Electric Vehicles are focused into two basic categories: niche markets and environmentally conscious households. These are both small parts of the economy but it is still important to note that they have been successful in some areas. There is a good chance that growth can occur from these two arenas, but only time will tell. The niche market includes vehicles such as golf carts, city municipal vehicles and warehouse vehicles. A niche market is formed when the dominating technology, though possibly superior, cannot meet special requirement. In these cases it is the pollution caused by gas-powered vehicles that is such as problem.

Drinking Reality Essay -- essays papers

Drinking Reality There is nothing in the world I love more than coffee, I thought. The aroma that calls you from a million miles away. The bitterness it sends through your soul, filling you up; giving you the warmth that you so desperately crave. And the darkness†¦ the blackness that reminds me all too much of my life. I didn’t know what I was doing there, but somehow it made sense. I skipped my first class that day. My first class ever. I didn’t know why†¦. If I had to think about it, I never knew why I did anything. All my life, I was guided and told what to do by others. I never realized where I was going; I walked a tight rope of others expectations thinking that if I ever took my eyes off what was ahead, I would fall. I never even looked out to see if there was another rope†¦. Maybe one who did not have such high expectations. I just hoped that my parents and friends knew best, and that I was heading in the right direction. I sat at one of those coffee shops, w here they pretend that the black stuff that they sell you for three dollars a cup is really gourmet. I was sittin...

Longevity research Essay

Today, a great amount of people have learned to enjoy life once again as a senior in the community. This would speak of those in the 70’s and beyond. Life expectancy for Americans, which was a mere 49 years in 1900, has now increased to around 76 years. This we can say is due to improvements in health care, nutrition, and the overall standard of living. Not only are people living longer, but they are becoming more active in their older age, relative to elderly of the past. More older Americans are able carry out their own â€Å"instrumental activities of daily living† (Hodes 2003) As such, the desire for life has grown and billions have been poured into longevity research, an undertaking meant to discover ways and means to extend life. A vast motivation in science has been well-funded to discover how to keep man alive longer, with its aim toward more and more years. (Douglas 2006) There are concerns however one must view in light of this, namely, will a society with many living over a hundred years be actually as beautiful as it seems to present? The first concern would be the quality of life given that although the body may be kept health, the brain will be aging. Surely, the mind at the age of 110 is not as lucid as that of one at the age of 60. There are many diseases that correlate with the aging brain, but let us use the more common Alzheimer’s disease as an example. This is a devastating condition that has been seen to have a profound impact on individuals, families, the health care system, and society as a whole. Demographic studies suggest that if the current trends maintain themselves, the annual number of incident cases of this disease will begin a sharp increase in the year 2030 thereabouts. (Alzheimer’s association 2009) This will be a time that people born between 1946 and 1964 will all be over 65 years. Studies further show that by the year 2050, the number of Americans with the disease could double. Imagine these implications. It’s true that people live longer, but then what quality of life can one have if he lives 20 years more but has lost memory of his family and friends. This disease accounts for around 50-50% of cases of dementia. With increase longevity, there will be a large increase in the prevalence of the disease as people will be living to be older. It can be such difficulty to the individual to live in a condition where for years he is grasping at memories that he cannot recall. It’s an incredible burden to the family as well, as they will now be responsible for more elderly, living longer lives, incapable of self care, and maybe even incapable of recognizing kin. Imagine a scenario where a parent is 110 years old, their child being 85 and their grandchild at 60, how would it be feasible for the turn of care to pass from parent to child in such a scenario where all are classifiable as aged. A second concern is that apart from the aging mind, there is also the aging body. It is true that the individual will be living long, but then there are multitudes of risks that will accompany this. The wear and tear from all the years will now set in as he will now be more prone to multitudes of disease as years go by. Sicknesses like arthritis of the joints, a heart attack, stokes, cataracts, diabetes and many more will all now be factors that come into play. Even worse, should the person gain a long-playing debilitating condition, one with no cure such as the case of Alzheimer’s previously mentioned, then again what kind of quality of life can he sustain? Let’s take a stroke for example. Currently, a stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Statistics show that over 143,579 people die each year in the United States from this condition. Now in terms of long term disability, stroke is the leading cause as people may live on with their life span after a completed stroke. Furthermore, having a stroke does not mean that a person cannot have another one to further cause disability. Now, it is seen that nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in people over the age of 65. It is also noted that the risk of having a stroke more than doubles each decade after the age of 55. (Internet Stroke Center 2009) This is not even accounting for those who go through strokes at a young age. Now, given this data, imagine the risk for one who is to live until 120 years old. Imagine if a large bulk of population were to live this long, then the worldwide prevalence of stroke survivors would be high. After a stroke, it is very possible for one to lose control of speech, of movement in half a body, of mobility, and sometimes even requiring full time nursing care. The implications on a person and a family would be immense. Given that strokes occur generally in people over 65, imagine having one at 70 and then living for 40 more years. How would one survive that lone without the capacity to communicate. It’s true that one can live with the heart beating, but the question is in terms of quality of life. Another concern that also affects health will be the incidence of depression. A longer life for one spouse would mean having to live through the death of loved ones. Longevity increases the number of years one would live past the death of a spouse and family. Studies can increase life but imagine a scenario where a parent has to live past his spouse children and grandchildren. Again, the concern regarding quality of life comes in play is emotional makeup is indeed a very important aspect of human life. Rebecca Utz, a sociologist at ISR stated: â€Å"While only about 6 percent of widowed persons had serious financial problems since their spouse died, 63 percent reported less income and 34 percent said their financial strain increased significantly after they were widowed. The negative economic consequences are even more pronounced for women than they are for men, and the declines are lasting, not a temporary drop associated with funeral expenses or estate planning. † (About. com 2009) This itself is proof of how one’s death can affect an individual, not only in terms of health and emotion, but in terms of capability to function as well. Increasing longevity means increasing the chances that people will outlive one, or even more spouses, and have to deal with many deaths for many years. Depression rates will increase as a consequence of spouses living well past their mates, their children and maybe even their grandchildren. A study conducted showed that eighty-four (24%) of 350 widows and widowers met criteria for depressive episodes at 2 months, 72 (23%) of 308 did so at 7 months, and 46 (16%) of 286 did so at 13 months, further supporting this claim that depression and emotional consequences of too much longevity should be of concern. (Zisook, S & Shuchter, S. 1991) A fourth point that should raise concern for biologic implications for longevity revolve around care for the elderly. Today, families turn to nursing homes and assisted living to give the elderly the care and attention they need. The alarming factor now revolves around what actual care they are receiving in these places, as a congressional report made by CBS news correspondent Bill Whitaker previously stated that around 1,600 U. S. nursing homes, nearly one-third of all in total, have been cited for abuse. These reported abuses were of various types, spanning from physical, sexual and verbal. All abuse in all these forms is on the rise. The report further noted that that more than twice as many nursing homes were cited for abuse in 2000 than in 1996. It was further seen that in 1,601 nursing homes , around 1 in 10 abuse citations were made in serious incidents. By serious, it was meant that they either put residents at great risk of harm, injured them or killed them. (CBS news 2001) Imagine how greatly the health of these poor elderly could be affected by increased longevity. Already at this current time with our elderly, society is unable to provide adequate care for them, and resorting to nursing homes and various assisted living environments that have led to elderly abuse. What more an increase can be expected if people were to live into the hundreds. The population would have a drastic increase in the aged, thus increasing the burden on society to care for them. If at this current day and age, society already is unable to manage the abuse problem, then the health implications of longevity are grave in that they will aggravate the abuse by increasing the number of elderly left alone. Investigators have further said that many violations are neither detected nor reported, which leads officials to conclude that the problem is even underestimated. Surely, if society cannot currently manage the elderly and provide a good, healthy and safe environment for them, then there is no way that society can do so after a further increase in the aged that longevity research will bring. My fifth and final concern regarding longevity lies in the fact that it will now place a large amount of population that has needs to be fulfilled but cannot fulfill them on its own. Increasing longevity will increase the number of senior citizens and the number of non-working elderly dependent. The health concerns for this are immense, as the question that can now be raised is regarding who in society will provide for the health of these individuals who cannot earn a living for themselves. CDC research concerns states that the increased number of people with ages over 65 will potentially lead to increased health-care costs. The health-care cost per capita for persons from the age group over 65 years in the United States is three to five times greater than the cost for persons below that age. (CDC 2003) Imagine how this will increase if people were to live 20 years longer. Currently, the number of persons aged >65 years is expected to rise from around 35 million in 2000 to an estimated 71 million in 2030. Longevity will even increase this number. Eventually, as resources will decline, then there will not be enough economic support to support the aged, leading to substandard healthcare and health risks. There may not be enough to provide them with medical needs, particularly because the working population may be outnumbered by the dependent elderly non-working populous. As such, in conjunction with many other previously discussed claims, the promise of longevity, although seemingly tempting, may not exactly be as, wonderful as it seems to be. WORKS CITED About. com:Mental health (2009) ‘Losing a Spouse: What Hurts and What Helps [online] Available from [April 6, 2009] Alzheimers association (2009) ‘What is Alzheimer’s’[online] Available from [April 6, 2009] CBS news (2001) ‘Nursing Home Abuse Increasing’ [online] Available from [April 6, 2009] CDC (2003) ‘Public Health and Aging: Trends in Aging — United States and Worldwide’ MMWR weekly[online] Available from [April 6, 2009] Douglas, J. (2006) ‘New longevity research center launched to study supercentenarians’ Natural News [online] Available from < http://www. naturalnews. com/020701. html> [April 6, 2009] Hodes, R. (2003) ‘Human Longevity and Aging Research’. Special Committee on Aging [online] Available from [April 6, 2009] Internet Stroke Center (2009) ‘Stroke Statistics’ [online] Available from [April 6, 2009] Zisook, S & Shuchter, S. (1991) ‘Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse ’ Am J Psychiatry [online] Available from [April 6, 2009]

Hypatia and the Role of Women in Hellenistic Society Essay

From Ancient Greece to the traditions of Hellenic parliamentary law, sexual urge pigeonholes yield been holded as one of the of import characteristics present deep d cause these civilizations. Most importantly for Hellenic hostel, it was the rule of patriarchs that best set forth the grammatical gender orientation of their hunting lodge. In fact, the parting of patriarchs or mannishs were very much evince in philosophical arguments, such as Sirachs Jewish apocryphal intelligences stating, at that place is wrath and impudence and slap-up disgrace when a wife supports her hubby (Sirach 21-23 cited in Sawyer 40).As farthest as assortic indian lodge was concerned, the contri neverthelessions of women were contain to beingness wives who provide services to men, legal residence manager, and the weak gender. The perspectives of Hellenism considered females as subordinates to men, which in some way raised mens role in the alliance in the pedestal conside ring that females were take with the opportunity to learn and to gain companionship from subjects like science and ism. However, this societal stereotype was thwarted by Hypatia (370 415 C. E.) who initiated her efforts to learn the subjects that were previously exclusive to men alone.She became one of the most(prenominal) regarded female scholars in the history of Greece, specifically in Alexandria. Hypatia was one of the earliest gender rights petitioners who focused mainly on information and learning. Within the study, the discussion provides signifi placet ferocity on the life of Hypatia and the assorted encounters she had during her struggle for her facts of life. With this, the study covers the role of women in spite of appearance the classical rescript and the means these women thrive with men.Furthermore, a critical argument between gender roles of the earlier periods of Hellenic era is bodied within the study in hallow to provide substantial evidence on wo mens societal signifi terminatece prat in the Hellenistic society. The study alike considers the implications and offices made by Hypatia towards the distaff roles in the society. Discussion Overview on Hypatia Hypatia was born in Alexandria where she spent most of her childhood and adolescence that influenced her identity. correspond to scholars, the early education of Hypatia came from her experience within the Museums of Alexandria. She was equal to convince her father to allow her obtain her primary election education in Athens where she obtained an award of laurel garland for her outstanding scholastic performances. fit to OGrady (2005), Hypatia was noned to possess a self-propelled personality that was legendary and a riveting, in end point tragic, biography (235). Hypatia of Alexandria was considered the first cleaning charr mathematician who obtained overbearing inclinations in the subjects of philosophy and mathematics.Considering Hypatias father, Theon, w as excessively a well-respected mathematician and astronomer of their time, Hypatia must have packd her substantial skills in numbers by dint of her patriarchal lineage. However, Hypatia was not that throttle in these subjects, simply she overly expand her reach within the mise en scene of philosophy and astronomical studies. The fundamental idealisms that greatly influenced her perspectives were the ideas from Hellenism and Neo-Platonism. From the intensity of Anderson, Katz and Wilson (2004), they pourboireed Suidas and Socrates description towards Hypatias physical features.harmonize to them, Hypatia possessed a body of exalted beauty and grace (47). Ogilvie (1986) mentioned in her book that according to Socrates Scholasticus, Hypatia was not only far-famed because of her intellect and skill, but also with her beauty, which bewitch Synesius, later bishop of Prolemais (104). However, there is a authorize agreement between historians that Hypatia never marital during her lifetime. Aside from her physique, her intellectual capacity obtained mention from various palm of sciences. At close to 400 A.D, Hypatia became the head of the Platonist school of Alexandria where she taught her expertise, mathematics and philosophy (OGrady 235). Her Neo-Platonist philosophy was influenced by guiltless Greek logic and idealism from Plato that was unified with the concepts of Oriental mysticism, which she obtained after she studied at Egypt. Hence, the philosophical teachings of Hypatia revolved in an intensifier reasoning through and through Neo-Platonist perspective. With the vast potpourri of culture and religious back purposes present in Alexandria, the complexities of the political and economic climate did not stop the philosophical ideations of Hypatia.On the other hand, one of the most controversial points in Hypatias legacy was her death, which became the point of arguments on whether it contributed to the end of Hellenistic society or triggered the disruption of patriarchal domination (Anderson, Katz and Wilson 48). There had been different theories that explain the death of Hypatia, such as her conflict with Cyril, Alexandrians stampede, etc. However, Hypatias death can be considered worthwhile due to her voice to the powder-puff society.Role of Women in Hellenistic Society Within the patriarchal context of Greeces city-states and colonies during the Hellenistic era, women had indeed go through diversity in their roles and views towards their society. Significantly, the women of their time considered being more sheltered and subordinate in their existence before men. Added by Witherington (1990), by Hellenistic and Roman times these views were nevertheless in existence, though less potently held because of the liberalizing influence of Macedonian and Roman occupations (11). condescension of their weak presence within the Hellenistic society, women were still treated with respect and regards from the male society. Al though, their fate as wives or get married Hellenistic women was not viewed entirely appropriate. The primary roles of women during this era were either for being the males wives or concubines. Athenian-citizen women were married usually at cardinal or sixteen years of age, and from this time, their soul and coherence of the world and their surroundings was not yet established.After the marriage, these women were separated through a guarded chamber, but their independence was always retained. During this era, concubines were the least distaff class looked upon between legal wives and prostitutes. The role of concubines was correct recognized by Athenian law, which comprised the legitimacy and freedom of lineage produced through her. However, with a clear picture, the Athenian law towards these concubines was much more inclined to the benefits of patriarchal society by having their sexual needs alter (Witherington 11).Despite of these limited atmosphere and role diversion pro vided by the male society to the females, these women were still open to foster their touch on in expanding their capacity and side within the society. In the Hellenistic moxie, one of the most historically significant events brought by the feminine gender was their interest for liberation. As back up by Swidler (1979), the givens of women greatly improved to the point where a woman could in full general marry and divorce on her receive initiative and even choose her own name (18).From this point, the placement of women exceeded their previous condition of their societal function. They even attained significant minor roles within the realm of education and political affairs. Hellenistic period marked the era of feminine role elaborateness wherein various opportunities within the society became for sale for them. With the opportunity to study and educate themselves, the affair that became the greatest threat to male poetical body was women poets.During the Hellenistic pe riod, women, such as Hypatia, obtained honorary recognition for their skills in expressing their thoughts and opinions through poetry. Most of the time, the contents of their literature were cogitate to their desire to possess equal mindset on two genders. The presence of Hellenistic monarchies provided the new outlook played by monarchical wives the Hellenistic queens. The upper-class women society enjoyed the vast newly opened opportunities since they were the ones who can avail the new places in society, such as education, political race, etc.Spielgovel (2005) mentioned that there had been documents indicating the increased numbers of women involved in managing slaves, selling property, and making loans (93). The immense involution of womens role did not only consider careers and personal developments, but rather, they were also given the chance to acquire willpower of their own lands, wealth and significant placement within the quarters of men. However, the expansion did not consider full equality for both genders but only the increase of feminine roles. Hypatia and her Contribution the Hellenistic RegimeHypatia of Alexandria was an standard of a pre-historic figure that fought the societys stereotype for gender discrimination. From her biography, she was fitted to vanquish even the best scholars of her time, a woman of legendary Athene-like beauty and virtue, and a woman who possessed distinct features of martyrdom. Hypatia can be considered as one of the famed personalities in Alexandria during the Hellenistic era. Her contribution to the society pave an example of feminine capacity to acquire development in the fields of education.She was considered as one of the famed Alexandrian poets that contributed to the modern font sense of literature. Despite of her womanhood and societys stereotypes against feminine gender, she was still able to make substantial contributions in the fields of philosophy, mathematics and astronomy. In the fields of sci ence, she was able to discover the early forms of astrolabe and hydrometer although, this was not taken in regards by the male scientific society and regarded it as missing of scientific studies (Anderson, Katz and Wilson 387).He provided her commentaries with Diophantuss Arithmetica, on Apolloniuss Conics, and on Ptolemys whole kit and boodle but all of her works was lost(p) in time. IN the fields of philosophy, she was able to merge the concept of oriental perspectives to Platonistic views. One of her commendable disciples to this teaching was Synesius who travel within the context of religious philosophy (Kahlos 40). She was able to prove to the patriarchal society that females can also stand their ground and contribute to the societys eudaimonia if only they can obtain the sense of rightful placement.Her philosophical views under the teachings of Neo-Platonist were considered by the Christian orthodox as an enemy to their beliefs. The Christian society branded her teachings as Paganistic and even considered her as the Pagan martyr. According to Forrest (2001), the Christian orthodox had seen the influence of her philosophical views and, since this threatens the Christianity of Alexandrian society, Hypatia was murdered by an hot under the collar(predicate) Christian mob, which ended the teachings of her neo-platonic views (127).The roles of women within the Hellenistic society expanded giving them various opportunities to acquire proper placement in the society however, this did not eliminate the gender discrimination and inferior sense towards feminine society. The trademark of Hellenistic era did open the new quarters for female society, but still, the last opinion came from the patriarchal society hence, limiting the expansion of feminine career and roles in the society. ConclusionIn the conclusion of the study, the life of Hypatia was used in nine to analyze the systems and the social conditions of feminine roles during the Hellenistic era. Indeed , the functionalities and placement of women expanded during this era, although it did not consider full equality between the two genders. Females were given the chance of education, political participation, temporal and wealth possession, and significant position in the fields of philosophy and sciences.Hypatia portrayed the Hellenistic woman of their time wherein she established a remarkable educational background and contribution to the fields of sciences and philosophy. However, most of these were either hindered or rejected by the male society. Hypatia was a victim of societys blade against Christian Orthodox in which she somehow contradicted with he Neo-Platonic teachings hence, she was murdered in order to end her influence. Still, with Hypatias life portrayal, the Hellenistic women did achieve role expansion but still under societal limitations brought by male society.